When it comes to woodworking projects, applying a finish is often essential to protect the wood and enhance its appearance. But with so many options available, choosing the right finish can be overwhelming. In this article, we’ll go over the basics of wood finishing and discuss some of the most common finishes used by hobbyists.

Why Apply a Finish?

Wood finishes serve two main purposes: protection and aesthetics. A good finish helps protect wood from scratches, moisture damage, spills, stains, and UV damage from sunlight. Additionally, a finish can make wood look great by enhancing its color and grain. A well-finished piece not only looks visually appealing but also feels nice to the touch.

Preparing the Wood Surface

Before applying any finish, it’s important to prepare the wood surface. Start by sanding your project with 120-grit sandpaper, followed by 220-grit sandpaper. Removing all sawdust is crucial for achieving a smooth finish. Vacuum the surfaces, wipe them down with a tack cloth, and then use a clean lint-free cloth dampened with mineral spirits or paint thinner to remove any remaining debris. This step also helps highlight any imperfections in the wood.

Types of Wood Finishes

When it comes to wood finishes, there are two main categories: layered finishes and oil finishes. Layered finishes, such as polyurethane, lacquer, and varnishes, form a protective layer on the surface of the wood. Oil finishes, such as tung oil and linseed oil, penetrate into the wood grain.

Layered Finishes

Polyurethane is one of the most popular wood finishes available today. It offers excellent protection and a wide range of colors. Applying polyurethane can be time-consuming, as it usually requires at least three coats. To achieve a smooth finish, use a good quality brush and avoid swiping back and forth or creating streaks and air bubbles. Sanding between coats with 320-grit sandpaper is recommended to remove any dust nibs.

Lacquer is another layered finish that provides fast drying times and a beautiful finish. It is commonly used in professional production environments but can be easily applied by hobbyists. Brushing lacquer requires a slightly different technique, as it dries quickly. Apply long, steady strokes in one direction, avoiding back-and-forth movements. Unlike polyurethane, lacquer does not need to be sanded between coats.

Oil Finishes

Oil finishes, such as tung oil and linseed oil, offer a more natural and earthy look to wood. They penetrate into the grain of the wood and are easy to apply. Simply pour the oil on a rag or directly onto the wood surface and wipe it in. Let it sit for a few minutes before wiping off any excess. Linseed oil typically requires a second coat after a couple of hours of drying time.

Choosing the Right Finish

The choice between layered finishes and oil finishes depends on your project and personal preference. Layered finishes provide greater protection but can look more artificial. They are ideal for items subjected to heavy use, such as tables and desks. Oil finishes, on the other hand, offer a more natural appearance but provide less protection. They are suitable for decorative pieces like picture frames and jewelry boxes.

Factors to Consider

When selecting a finish, consider factors such as the ease of use, odor, and cleanup. Water-based polyurethane is easier to use than oil-based polyurethane, with less odor and easy cleanup using soap and water. However, it may require more coats for proper protection. Lacquer is a great option for its fast drying times and versatility, but it can be more expensive and has a strong odor. Oil finishes are the easiest to apply but offer minimal protection and may require multiple coats.

Achieving a Smooth and Professional Finish

Regardless of the finish you choose, achieving a smooth surface is key to a professional-looking result. Lightly sanding between coats with fine-grit sandpaper helps remove any imperfections. Additionally, using gloss lacquer and lightly sanding the final coat can create a smooth and tactile satin finish.

Conclusion

When it comes to wood finishing, there are various options available to suit different needs and preferences. Layered finishes like polyurethane and lacquer offer excellent protection and a beautiful finish, while oil finishes provide a more natural look. By selecting the right finish and following proper application techniques, you can protect and enhance the appearance of your woodworking projects. Whether you’re a hobbyist or a professional, understanding the basics of wood finishing is essential for achieving stunning results.